Web applications, even when polished and professionally deployed, often have components that are not meant to be visible to regular users. These may include backup files, legacy scripts, admin panels, test environments, or logs—any of which may still be accessible if their exact paths are known. While they aren’t linked from public pages, they still reside on the server, waiting to be discovered. This is precisely what makes hidden paths a significant security risk. They are often forgotten by developers, left behind during fast-paced release cycles or during quick troubleshooting….

Linux has become one of the most influential operating systems in the world. From high-performance supercomputers to smartphones and web servers, its presence is everywhere. What makes Linux so widely adopted and respected? In this first installment of our three-part series, we will explore Linux’s origins, core philosophy, and the design choices that built the foundation for its global success. The Origin of Linux In 1991, a young Finnish computer science student named Linus Torvalds began work on a personal project. Dissatisfied with the limited capabilities and restrictions of existing…

In today’s digitally dependent society, cyber threats have become a major concern for governments, corporations, and individuals alike. India, being one of the largest digital economies, faces an increasing number of cyberattacks each year. As data becomes more valuable than oil, the need to secure it grows exponentially. While cybersecurity was once considered a postgraduate or specialized field, it is now accessible even to students who have completed their 10th standard. A Diploma in Cyber Security after 10th opens up early entry into a field that is not only lucrative…

In today’s digital landscape, cybersecurity has become a critical priority for organizations of all sizes. The traditional methods of defending systems, while still important, are no longer sufficient to counter modern and constantly evolving threats. One of the most essential methods in assessing an organization’s security is penetration testing. However, manual penetration testing is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often reactive rather than proactive. This is where artificial intelligence steps in. AI-powered penetration testing is an innovative approach that leverages the power of automation, machine learning, and behavioral analysis to evaluate and…

Understanding Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) is essential for anyone preparing for a CCNA interview. VLANs enable network segmentation, which enhances performance, security, and manageability. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of VLANs, their configuration, and how they operate in real-world networking environments. Defining VLANs A VLAN is a logical grouping of devices on a network, allowing them to communicate as though they are on the same physical LAN—even if they are spread across different switches. VLANs provide isolation between different types of traffic, reduce broadcast domains, and allow for…

Cybersecurity threats are becoming more sophisticated and relentless with each passing year. As digital infrastructures grow, so do the vulnerabilities that cyber attackers can exploit. Traditional security systems, while still important, are not always capable of responding to modern threats in real time. This is where artificial intelligence steps in. AI is reshaping the landscape of cybersecurity by enabling rapid detection, response, and prediction of threats. AI-powered tools are now essential in cybersecurity operations. They work at unprecedented speed and scale, analyzing massive volumes of data, identifying patterns, detecting anomalies,…

In the world of cybersecurity, the ability to gather intelligence from publicly available sources is invaluable. This practice, known as open-source intelligence or OSINT, has become a vital skill for investigators, ethical hackers, and security professionals. One of the most powerful tools in this field is Maltego. Designed to simplify and accelerate the OSINT process, Maltego offers an intuitive platform for visualizing relationships between data points such as domains, IP addresses, emails, and social media profiles. This article introduces Maltego, explains its role in cybersecurity, and walks through its foundational…

Kali Linux is a specialized Linux distribution crafted for professionals in the field of cybersecurity. Built on Debian, it is not a general-purpose operating system. Unlike Ubuntu, Fedora, or Linux Mint, which are meant for everyday desktop tasks, Kali Linux is designed solely for activities such as penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, and digital forensics. This focus is evident in everything from its default configurations to its pre-installed software packages. Kali Linux comes equipped with a comprehensive suite of tools that allow users to identify security flaws, exploit vulnerabilities, and analyze…

In today’s digital threat landscape, cybersecurity professionals are constantly challenged with understanding, detecting, and responding to cyberattacks. These attacks are rarely simple or random—they’re often the result of coordinated actions by threat actors with access to specialized tools and resources. To effectively analyze and counter such threats, security analysts use models that simplify complex attack scenarios. One such model is the Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis. The Diamond Model offers a structured approach for dissecting cyber incidents, helping analysts connect the dots between various components of an attack. It does…

Python, as a versatile and high-level programming language, fully supports the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm. It is widely used in various domains such as web development, data analysis, machine learning, and automation. One of the strengths of Python lies in its ability to support multiple programming approaches including OOP, procedural, and functional styles. Object-oriented programming in Python allows developers to model real-world entities using classes and objects. This paradigm makes software design more intuitive, organized, and scalable. Object-oriented programming is based on key principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and…

The journey to becoming a successful network engineer starts with the right preparation. For freshers just entering the field, the competition can seem intense, but a structured approach makes a significant difference. Understanding how to build a strong foundation through education, certifications, and a well-crafted resume is your first step toward entering the networking industry with confidence. Understanding the Role of a Network Engineer A network engineer is responsible for designing, implementing, managing, and troubleshooting computer networks that support voice, data, video, and wireless services. These networks can be enterprise-wide…

The digital age has brought with it a range of complex cybersecurity threats, pushing organizations to prioritize the protection of their digital assets. One of the key methods used to evaluate and strengthen an organization’s security posture is Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT). With increasing demand for professionals skilled in identifying and mitigating security risks, job interviews in this domain have become more rigorous and technically demanding. This article focuses on the essential knowledge and practical skills needed to prepare for a VAPT interview. It provides a deep dive…

In an era where almost every aspect of business and personal life depends on digital systems, the security of data and networks has become paramount. Organizations face increasingly sophisticated threats ranging from phishing and ransomware to state-sponsored cyber espionage. To tackle these challenges, the fields of cybersecurity and ethical hacking have emerged as leading defenses in the digital age. Though both domains aim to protect digital infrastructure, they differ greatly in approach. Cybersecurity professionals are guardians of the digital realm, employing tools and strategies to prevent breaches. Ethical hackers, on…

In today’s interconnected digital environment, cyberattacks are rarely impulsive or unstructured. Most begin with a deliberate, quiet process known as footprinting. Before any malware is deployed or password is cracked, attackers spend time gathering data about their target to understand weaknesses and plan the most effective strategy. Footprinting is the reconnaissance phase of a cyberattack. It helps hackers create a comprehensive profile of the target’s digital infrastructure, networks, personnel, and vulnerabilities. This isn’t just theory—real-world attacks often succeed because the attacker knew more about the target than the target knew…

Cyber security is now one of the most crucial areas in technology. As everything from personal data to critical infrastructure moves online, the potential for digital attacks grows. From massive data leaks to ransomware attacks on hospitals, the threats are real—and so is the demand for people who can stop them. This guide provides a comprehensive look into the major branches of cyber security, explaining what each role involves and helping you identify where your strengths might fit. Why Cyber Security Is More Relevant Than Ever Over the past decade,…