Kali Linux is a purpose-driven Linux distribution developed specifically for penetration testing, ethical hacking, and digital forensics. It comes bundled with hundreds of security-related tools and utilities that are instrumental for cybersecurity professionals. However, to unlock the full power of Kali Linux, one must become proficient in using the command-line interface (CLI), which offers a more flexible and efficient way to interact with the system compared to graphical tools. Whether you’re scanning networks, managing user permissions, or navigating directories, mastering the core Kali Linux commands can significantly elevate your productivity…

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has revolutionized the way IT infrastructure is provisioned and maintained. By replacing manual configuration and deployment with automated scripts and configuration files, IaC ensures consistent, scalable, and repeatable infrastructure deployments. This transformation has made it a central pillar in DevOps, site reliability engineering, and cloud-native operations. As a result, understanding IaC is not only essential for modern IT roles but also a crucial area of focus in technical interviews. This article explores some of the most commonly asked questions in Infrastructure as Code interviews, helping you…

In the field of cybersecurity, password vulnerabilities remain one of the most frequently exploited attack vectors. Weak passwords, reused credentials, and outdated encryption algorithms are all part of the broader password security problem. To combat this issue, professionals rely on tools that allow them to test the strength of passwords in a controlled environment. One of the most popular and powerful tools available for this purpose is John the Ripper. John the Ripper is an open-source password-cracking tool developed to test and recover passwords through various methods. It is well-regarded…

In the field of cybersecurity, securing web applications is a continuous and evolving challenge. As businesses shift operations online and embrace digital transformation, their web presence becomes a key point of interaction for customers and clients—and a primary target for cybercriminals. Web vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, broken authentication, and insecure APIs are common entry points for attackers. To combat this, security professionals use a variety of tools to assess and harden application security. One of the most powerful tools available for this purpose is Acunetix. Acunetix is…

Wireless networks have become an integral part of modern digital infrastructure. From homes and businesses to public areas, the convenience of Wi-Fi has made it a default method for connecting devices to the internet. However, this convenience comes with a significant trade-off—security vulnerabilities. Unlike wired connections, wireless signals are broadcast over the air, making them susceptible to a variety of attacks. This has made wireless security a priority for organizations and individuals alike. To address these security concerns, cybersecurity professionals and ethical hackers employ specialized tools that allow them to…

Cybersecurity professionals and aspiring ethical hackers face increasingly demanding certification paths, such as CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker), OSCP (Offensive Security Certified Professional), and other advanced security qualifications. These certifications aren’t just theoretical; they are hands-on, deeply practical, and often require working in real-time lab environments. That means your hardware—specifically your laptop—can directly influence your learning curve, success rate, and even exam readiness. A poorly chosen laptop will limit your ability to work with essential tools like Kali Linux, Metasploit, Wireshark, Burp Suite, and numerous virtual machines simultaneously. This article explores…

India’s digital economy has grown exponentially over the past decade, and with it, the importance of cybersecurity has become paramount. From protecting sensitive government data to ensuring the integrity of private enterprises, cybersecurity professionals play a pivotal role in safeguarding digital assets. As technology continues to evolve, so too does the complexity of cyber threats, making cybersecurity one of the most in-demand and well-compensated career paths in India. Unlike other IT fields, cybersecurity is multi-dimensional. It spans across disciplines such as network architecture, ethical hacking, data analytics, incident response, application…

In today’s interconnected digital world, hackers hold an increasingly significant place. Some use their skills to defend systems and protect sensitive data, while others exploit weaknesses for personal or political gain. Understanding the distinctions between the different types of hackers is vital for cybersecurity professionals, organizations, and even everyday users. Among the most prominent and contrasting figures in this realm are White Hat and Black Hat hackers. These two groups embody the ethical extremes of hacking, each influencing the digital landscape in vastly different ways. What Defines a Hacker? A…

The process of booting a Linux system may seem instantaneous to the casual user, but behind the scenes, it involves several critical stages. At the heart of this process lies the boot loader, a low-level software component responsible for launching the operating system. Among the earliest and most well-known boot loaders used in Linux environments is LILO, short for Linux Loader. Though largely replaced by more modern solutions, LILO remains an important piece of Linux history and continues to serve in select use cases involving older hardware or minimalist setups….

Web applications, even when polished and professionally deployed, often have components that are not meant to be visible to regular users. These may include backup files, legacy scripts, admin panels, test environments, or logs—any of which may still be accessible if their exact paths are known. While they aren’t linked from public pages, they still reside on the server, waiting to be discovered. This is precisely what makes hidden paths a significant security risk. They are often forgotten by developers, left behind during fast-paced release cycles or during quick troubleshooting….

Linux has become one of the most influential operating systems in the world. From high-performance supercomputers to smartphones and web servers, its presence is everywhere. What makes Linux so widely adopted and respected? In this first installment of our three-part series, we will explore Linux’s origins, core philosophy, and the design choices that built the foundation for its global success. The Origin of Linux In 1991, a young Finnish computer science student named Linus Torvalds began work on a personal project. Dissatisfied with the limited capabilities and restrictions of existing…

In today’s digitally dependent society, cyber threats have become a major concern for governments, corporations, and individuals alike. India, being one of the largest digital economies, faces an increasing number of cyberattacks each year. As data becomes more valuable than oil, the need to secure it grows exponentially. While cybersecurity was once considered a postgraduate or specialized field, it is now accessible even to students who have completed their 10th standard. A Diploma in Cyber Security after 10th opens up early entry into a field that is not only lucrative…

In today’s digital landscape, cybersecurity has become a critical priority for organizations of all sizes. The traditional methods of defending systems, while still important, are no longer sufficient to counter modern and constantly evolving threats. One of the most essential methods in assessing an organization’s security is penetration testing. However, manual penetration testing is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often reactive rather than proactive. This is where artificial intelligence steps in. AI-powered penetration testing is an innovative approach that leverages the power of automation, machine learning, and behavioral analysis to evaluate and…

Understanding Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) is essential for anyone preparing for a CCNA interview. VLANs enable network segmentation, which enhances performance, security, and manageability. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of VLANs, their configuration, and how they operate in real-world networking environments. Defining VLANs A VLAN is a logical grouping of devices on a network, allowing them to communicate as though they are on the same physical LAN—even if they are spread across different switches. VLANs provide isolation between different types of traffic, reduce broadcast domains, and allow for…

Cybersecurity threats are becoming more sophisticated and relentless with each passing year. As digital infrastructures grow, so do the vulnerabilities that cyber attackers can exploit. Traditional security systems, while still important, are not always capable of responding to modern threats in real time. This is where artificial intelligence steps in. AI is reshaping the landscape of cybersecurity by enabling rapid detection, response, and prediction of threats. AI-powered tools are now essential in cybersecurity operations. They work at unprecedented speed and scale, analyzing massive volumes of data, identifying patterns, detecting anomalies,…